简单句
1.句子的种类
按交际功能可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
按结构可分为简单句、并列句与复合句。
2.简单句的五种句子结构
简单句是由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成,其陈述句的肯定式有以下五种基本句型:【主语(S)、谓语(V)、表语(P)、宾语(O)、宾语补足语(OC)】
1)主谓结构: He works hard.
主 谓
2)主谓宾结构: I like apples.
主谓 宾
3)主系表结构: It tastes terrible.
主 谓 表
4)主谓+间宾+直宾结构:Could you pass me the salt?
主 谓 间宾 直宾
5)主谓宾+宾补结构: Mom asks me to get up early.
主 谓 宾 宾补
| 序号 | 结构 | 讲解 | 例句 |
| 1 | S V | 该句型中的谓语为不及物动词。谓语动词的前面可加情态动词或助动词。如果多个谓语动词并列,可用and,but等并列连词将它们连接起来。谓语动词在人称和数上须与主语保持一致。 | The first book came out in 2003. He is running fast. |
| 2 | S V P | 此句中的动词为连系动词,连系动词常用的有be,become等,部分行为动词在某些时候也可以用作连系动词,如:get,keep,turn,grow等。有些感官动词也可以作连系动词,如:look,sound,taste,smell,feel等。 | Trees are green. Mrs. Smith is a doctor. They are interested in P.E. |
| 3 | S V O | 此句中的动词为及物动词。动词后接宾语时应该用及物动词,若为不及物动词则须在动词后加上合适的介词。 | He saw a film. Jim may visit his parents tomorrow. |
| 4 | S V Oi Od | 此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词,后面接两个宾语,间接宾语一般指人,直接宾语一般指物。一般是“主谓+间宾+直宾”,也可以是“主谓+直宾+介词+间宾”。可接双宾语的常见动词有:ask,give,send,buy,sell,bring,pass,tell,show,teach,promiser等。 | I will give you a book. She bought a present for her parents. |
| 5 | S V O C | 该句型中的“宾语 +宾语补足语”又叫做“复合宾语”,其特点是宾语与其补语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。可接复合宾语的常见动词有:ask,tell,find,help,like,take,make,let,call,watch,see,have等。 | The news made everyone happy. He wants me to help him. |
there be句型的结构是“there be +某人/某物+某时/某地”,含义是“在某时或某地有某人或某物”。注意be要根据就近原则来使用.
英语句子结构的特点:英语的句子以谓语为中心,前面是动作的执行者,后面是动作的承受者。除了基本成分之外,状语也很重要。状语可以位于句首,也可以置于谓语之后。一般来说,置于句首的多是时间、条件和原因状语,置于谓语之后的是地点、方式、原因、目的、时间和伴随状语。
4.一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
Ⅰ.时间上有差异
一般过去时与现在没有关系,与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:ago,last year,just now,the other day等。现在完成时与现在有关系,不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。如:
He has come back home.(说明现在他在家。)
He came back home last year.(只能说明他去年回来过,不能说明他现在在不在家,可能后来又出去了,但至今未归。)
Ⅱ.结果上有差异
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作,现在完成时强调对“现在”的影响和结果,动作到现在刚完成或还在继续。一般过去时强调动作发生在“过去”,和现在没有关系。
【活学活用】
单项选择
1)She ________the piano for six years,but she doesn’t play now.
A. have played B.played C.has played
2)We ________ the museum yesterday.
A. visited B.visit C.have visited
3)I ________ stamps since I was ten years old.
A. collected B.have collected C.am collecting
4)I ________ to school yesterday because I was ill.
A. went B.haven’t gone C.didn’t go
5)I ________ in Beijing for ten years.
A. lived B.have lived C.has lived
答案:B 从后半句可以判断她已经不再弹钢琴了,说明前面的动作和现在已经没有关系,只是单纯地陈述过去的事情,所以用一般过去时。
答案:A 有明显的过去时间状语yesterday,可以判断用一般过去时。
答案:B since“自从……”是现在完成时的一个标志性词语,表示动作从某时开始一直延续,所以用现在完成时。
答案:C 全句为因果关系,应该是“生病没有上学”,所以否定A项;陈述昨天的事情,没提到和现在的关系,所以应用一般过去时。
答案:B 句意为“我住在北京已经十年了”,没有任何其他提示,表示现在仍住在北京。
Module 2
宾语从句
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。它是众多从句中的一员,在复合句中作主句谓语动词、介词或某些形容词的宾语。
Ⅰ.宾语从句的引导词
1.陈述句充当宾语从句时,用that引导,that无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如:
My teacher said I was a good boy.老师说我是个好男孩。
2.当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether,whether …or not引导,意为“是否”。如:
I am not sure if you are right.我不确信你是否正确。
3.如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句,只需用原来的疑问词引导。如:
I want to know where he came from.我想知道他从哪里来。
Ⅱ.宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序
| 句式 | 连词 | 语序 | 例句 |
| 陈述句 | That | 不变 | I think that we can be good friends. |
| 一般疑问句 | if/whether | 改为陈述语序 | I can’t remember if I posted the letter. |
| 特殊疑问句 | 特殊疑问词 | 改为陈述语序 | He asked who was our English teacher. |
1.主句是现在或将来时态时,从句可根据句子的实际含义用任何所需要的时态。
2.主句是过去时态时,从句要用表示过去的相应的时态。但如果从句中有明确表示过去的时间状语,则从句应用一般过去时,不用过去完成时;
3.从句表达的是客观事实,真理或自然现象时,用一般现在时。如:
She said that the earth moves around the sun.她说地球围绕太阳转。
巧学:学习宾从三注意:引导词, 语序和时态。
时态主从要呼应:
主句若为现在时,从句时态随句意;
主句若为过去时,从句时态变过去;
语序要用陈述句,切莫照搬疑问句。
that连接陈述句,省与不省没关系。
从句若表“是否”时,if,whether 均可替。
特殊问句作宾语,仍用原来疑问词。
三个问题须记牢,切莫丢东忘了西。
【活学活用】
单项选择
1)I hope ________ it will snow this winter.
A. when B.if C.whether D./
2)—I don’t know ________ Mr.Green will come to see us.
—He will help us with our English.
A.why B.when C.how D.where
3)I can’t remember ________ I have seen him before.
A.whether B.why C.what D.how
4)—Do you know ________?I’m going to see him.
—Sorry,I don’t know.
A.where does Mr.Li live B.where did Mr.Li live
C.where Mr.Li lives D.where Mr.Li lived
5)—Where do you think ________ he ________ the computer?
—Sorry,I have no idea.
A./;bought B.has;bought
C.did;buy D.does;buy
6)I can’t understand ________ he likes computer games so much.
A.that B.whether C.why D.where
7)—Do you know ________ the MP3 player last week?
—Sorry,I have no idea.
A.how much did she pay for B.how much will she pay for
C.how much she paid for D.how much she will pay for
8) I don’t know ________ tomorrow.Can you tell me?
A.when we started B.when did we start
C.when we will start D.when will we start
答案:D hope 后面应该接that引导的宾语从句,that 在句中没有任何意义,可以省略。答案:A 从下文的答语看,上文不知道的应该是“来看我们的原因”。
答案:A 本句表达一种不确定的概念,用whether或if。
答案:C 宾语从句要用陈述语气,排除A、B两项。从句意判断问的是“现在住哪儿?”。
答案:A do you think是插入语,可以把它去掉,分析句意应该用应用过去时态和陈述语序。
答案:C 句意为“我不理解为什么他那么喜欢电脑游戏”。
答案:C 宾语从句要用陈述语序,由此排除A、B两项,由last week判断应该用过去时态。
答案:C 由tomorrow判断,应该用将来时态表示。
Module 3
动词不定式和动名词作宾语
1. 在英语中,介词的宾语常用动名词,而不用不定式。
动词的宾语,有时用动名词,有时用不定式,用动名词和不定式有时意义变化不大,有时意义却相差甚远。
2. 有的动词后面只能接动名词作宾语,如:enjoy,mind,miss,finish,practice,suggest,feel like等。
I enjoy playing basketball with you.我喜欢和你打篮球。
有的动词后面只能接不定式作宾语,如:ask,agree,decide,happen,hope,plan,promise,would like,want等。
She promised to return in an hour.她答应一小时后回来。
有的动词后面可以接两种形式作宾语,表达的意思有的差别不大,有的差别很大,要根据具体情况区别对待。
We should continue learning(to learn).我们应当继续学习。(差别不大)
I remember telling him the news.我记得告诉过他这个消息了。(已告诉)
Please remember to tell him the news.记得告诉他这个消息。(未告诉)
3. 常见的意义差别较大的词:
1)remember,forget,regret等接动名词表示动作已经发生,接不定式表示动作尚未发生。
2)stop doing 表示“停止做某事”,stop to do表示“停止(某事)开始做另一件事”。
3)try doing 试着做,try to do 设法、尽力做某事。
4)like,hate,prefer等词后,如果表示一般倾向,多用动名词作宾语;如指特定的或具体某次行动,用不定式时多。
4. 巧记跟动名词作宾语的动词
完成实践值得忙(finish,practice,be worth,be busy)
介意错过享受想要建议(mind,miss,enjoy,feel like,suggest)
5. 熟记:
stop doing sth.是“停止正在做的某事”。
stop to do sth.是“(把原来正在做的事)停下来而做另一件事”。
go on to do sth.做完一件事接着做另一件事
go on doing sth.继续做原来在做的同一件事
forget to do sth.(忘记去做某事,此事根本没做)
forget doing sth.忘记曾经做过某事,做完忘记了
remember to do sth.记得去做某事
remember doing sth.记得曾经做过某事情
try to do sth.想或企图,尽力去做某事
try doing sth.尝试着做某事
mean to do sth.想或企图做某事
mean doing sth.意味着
practice doing sth 练习做某事 keep doing sth.一直做某事
【活学活用】
翻译句子
1)他停止吸烟了。________________________________________
2)我想要去长城。________________________________________
3)我许诺要帮他。________________________________________
4)让我试着读读它吧。________________________________________
5)我记得把信都寄出去了。________________________________________
答案:He stopped smoking.
答案:I want to go to the Great Wall.
答案:I promised to help him.
答案:Let me try reading it.
答案:I remember posting the letters.
Module 4-5
If 从句即条件状语从句
1. 含义:表达“如果……”要用if 引导的条件状语从句。
2. 结构:“if 从句+,+ 主句” 或 “主句+if 从句”。
如:If you need help,please call me.如果你需要帮助,请给我打电话。
We will go out for a picnic if it is sunny tomorrow.如果明天阳光明媚,我们就外出野餐。
3..时态的使用:
(1) 如果主句是祈使句,从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
If you need help,please call me.如果你需要帮助,请给我打电话。
(2) 如果主句含有情态动词,从句要用一般现在时。
If you don't know the way ,you can ask the police for help.
(3)如果主句用将来时态,从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
If you don’t work hard,you will fail in the exam.如果你不努力学习的话,考试你会通不过。
【活学活用】 用if连接下面的句子
1)She doesn’t know the way to the station. Ask someone around.
2)You are hungry. Go to the KFC.
3)You don’t understand the article. Ask your teacher.
4)You don’t know the word. Look it up in the dictionary.
5)We get lost. Ask the policeman for help.
答案:If she doesn’t know the way to the station,ask someone around.
答案:If you are hungry,go to the KFC.
答案:If you don’t understand the article,ask your teacher.
答案:If you don’t know the word,look it up in the dictionary.
答案:If we get lost,ask the policeman for help.
Module 6
直接引语和间接引语(P151-154)
1.直接引述别人的原话,叫做直接引语;直接引语必须放在引号内。
用自己话转述别人的话,叫做间接引语。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。间接引语不用引号。
2.直接引语改为间接引语时,除将引语部分变成宾语从句外,还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变。
| 变化内容 | 直接引语 | 间接引语 |
| 动词时态 | 主句谓语动词是过去时态 | 变为宾语从句的谓语动词作如下改变: 一般现在时→一般过去时 一般过去时→过去完成时 一般将来时→过去将来时 现在进行时→过去进行时 现在完成时→过去完成时 |
| 主句谓语动词是一般现在时态或一般将来时态 | 变为宾语从句的谓语动词的时态不作任何改变 | |
| 主句谓语动词是一般过去时态 | 变为宾语从句的谓语动词原是过去进行时态或过去完成时态则保留,不必改变;原有具体的过去时间状语,谓语动词用一般过去时态,不必改变。表示客观真理时仍用一般现在时态; | |
| 人称/物主/反身等代词 | 第一人称 | 改为与主句的主语相同的人称 |
| 第二人称 | 改为第一人称 | |
| 第三人称 | 不变 | |
| 指示代词 | this/these | 改为that/those |
| 时间状语 | now,today,tomorrow,yesterday,ago | 分别改为then,that day,the next day,the day before,before |
| 地点状语 | Here | 改为there |
| 动词 | Come | 改为go |
| say to sb. | 改为ask/want/beg/tell/order sb. |
注释:1.直接引语的主语是第一人称时,变间接引语时,人称代词要与主句的主语保持一致。
2.直接引语的主语是第二人称时,变间接引语时,人称代词要与主句的宾语保持一致。
3.直接引语的主语是第三人称时,变间接引语时人称代词保持不变。
4.直接引语变间接引语巧记
直引为一般疑问句,去掉引号加if(或whether), 语序要变为陈述语序;
小心时态、人称和状语。
直引为特殊疑问句,去掉引号,从句要用原来的特殊疑问词接陈述语序,
把原句的助动三兄弟(do,does,did)去掉。
直引为肯定祈使句,去掉引号根据语气强弱改为told,asked或ordered sb to do sth.
直引为否定祈使句,去掉引号根据语气强弱改为told,asked sb not to do sth.
【活学活用】
单项填空
1)A computer can only do ________ you have told it to do.
A.how B.after C.what D.when
2)—Do you remember ________ he came?
—Yes,I do.He came by car.
A.how B.when C.that D.if
3)He asked ________ for the violin.
A.did I pay how much B.I paid how much
C.how much did I pay D .how much I paid
4)I want to know ________ you have a brother.
A.if B.that C.those D.them
5) —What did your mother say on the phone?
—She asked ________.
A.why did I fail the test B.why I failed the test C.why did you fail the test
答案:C 本题的what既是引导词,又是从句中do的宾语。
答案:A 从答语by car 来看,应该问的是他来的方式。
答案:D 注意间接引语要用陈述语序。
答案:A 要理解句意,然后确定引导词,if在句中意为“是否”。
答案:B 间接引语要用陈述语序,排除A、C两项。
Module 7
连系动词
1.在英语中,后面接形容词作表语的动词叫做连系动词。“连系动词+表语”可充当句子的谓语。在本单元中,我们主要学习感官类连系动词。
【活学活用】
用look,smell,taste,feel,seem,become,go,get,turn, grow的适当形式填空:
1. You _ _ __ very young.
2. At first those questions_ _ __easy, but later I found them difficult.
3. After the sports meeting, he _ _ __very tired.
4. My younger brother _ _ __a student last year.
5. When we_ _ __ up, we're going to help build up our country.
6. The flowers _ _ __very sweet.
7. Her face _ _ __red.
8. Jack _ _ __very happy.
9. The mooncake _ _ __good.
10. The meat_ _ __bad.
答案:
look, seem, get, became, grow,
smell, turned,feels, tasted, smelled
Module 8-9
状语从句:
在复合句中,修饰主句的谓语动词、形容词、或副词的从句叫做状语从句。根据其用途可分为时间、条件、原因、结果、比较、目的和让步状语从句。
一、时间状语从句
在英语中,除了可以用介词短语作时间状语外,也可以用句子表达一件事情或一个行为发生的时间,这个句子就叫做时间状语从句。时间状语从句根据所表达的时间不同,所使用的连词(即引导词)也不同。
| 引导词 | 含义 | 例句 |
| when | 当……时候 | Please let me know when you have trouble. |
| while | 当……时候 | Do not make any noise while I am recording. |
| before | 在……之前 | Mother always prepares supper before I come back from school. |
| after | 在……之后 | I will go out to play with you after I finish my homework. |
| as soon as | 当……时候 | We began to work as soon as we got there |
| until | 直到…… | I didn’t go to bed until Mum came back. |
1)when引导的从句的谓语动词,可以是延续性的动词,也可以是瞬间动词也叫短暂性动词。如:
When she came in ,I was eating.她进来时,我在吃饭。(瞬间动词)
When I lived in the countryside,I used to carry some water for him.
住在农村时,我常常为他担水。(延续性动词)
2)while 引导的从句的谓语动词,要用持续性动词或状态动词,并且持续性动词常用进行时态。如:
While they are waiting for the New Year,they listen to music,sing songs and have fun. 在等待新年到来的一段时间里,他们听音乐、唱歌、娱乐。
(从句动词为持续性动词,并且用进行时态;主句谓语动词的行为是在从句等待的过程中进行的。)
3)as引导的从句的谓语动词,要用瞬间动词;
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前,只能用when 引导这个从句,不可用as 或 while。 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
当从句表示"随时间推移"连词只用as,不用when 或while。
As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天过去,天气越变越坏
4)巧记: 以as,when和while引导的时间状语从句时,用到了瞬间动词和延续动词。
常见的瞬间动词:
开始离去,借来还;出生入死,买到家。
注释:
1.“开始离去,借来还”为begin,leave,go,borrow,come,return六词;
2.“出生入死,买到家”为join,die,buy,arrive四词。
3.各词改为相应的延续动词为:
begin→be on, leave→be away from, go→be,
borrow→keep, come→be here, return→be back;
join→be in, die→be dead, buy→have, arrive→be here等。
2.Until/till引导的时间状语从句
1)如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬间动词时,必须用否定形式;
I didn’t go to bed until(till) my father came back.
直到父亲回来我才上床睡觉。
2)如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用否定或肯定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。如: He waited until all the people left.
他一直等到所有人都走了。
【活学活用】
用所给的引导词连成时间状语从句
1)I found mother cooking for me.I got home.(when)
________________________________________
2)We start to sing.It’s 12 o’clock.(as soon as)
________________________________________
3)I will go out to play basketball with you.I finish my homework.(after)
________________________________________
4)All the people left.He waited.(until)
________________________________________
5)It started to rain.We were playing football.(while)
________________________________________
答案:When I got home, I found mother cooking for me./I found mother cooking for me when I got home.
答案:We start to sing as soon as it’s 12 o’clock.
答案:I will go out to play basketball with you after I finish my homework.
答案:He waited until all the people left.
答案:It started to rain while we were playing football.
二. 其他几种状语从句
| 名称 | 引导词 | 例句 |
| 原因状语从句 | because | She didn’t go to school today because she was ill. |
| 目的状语从句 | so that | She dressed like a man so that she could join the army. |
结果状语从句 | so so…that such…that | He got up too late so he missed the school bus. He was so excited that he couldn’t go to sleep that night. She is such a kind girl that all the people like her. |
| 让步状语从句 | although/ | Although I am only sixteen,I have been to five countries. |
1)如果原因是构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because. . 而because引导的从句一般不放在句子的开头。如:
I missed the train because I got up late.
注:对于以why开头的问句,一般只能用because引导的从句回答。
2)如果原因已为人们所知,或不如句子的其余部分重要,就用as或since,而since比as较正式一些。as和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。如:
As he was not well,I decided to go there without him.
Since this method doesn’t work, let’s try another.
3)for表示所说的理由是一种补充说明,for引导的从句一般不放在句子的开头。如:
I decided to stop and have lunch, for I was feeling quite hungry.
2..so that目的是…/为的是… 引导目的状语从句
可用to或in order to替换,将其改为简单句。
如:
He got up early so that he could get to school on time.
=He got up early(in order) to get to school on time.
3..so/such...that... , so结果…,so that结果…/以致于…, 引导的结果状语从句
1)so...that... / such...that... “如此……以至于……” 引导表示程度结果的状语从句
so + adj./adv. + that +从句.
such + a /an + adj. + that +从句 .
.如:
He was so excited that he couldn’t go to sleep that night.
他是如此兴奋,以至于那天晚上睡不着。
She is such a kind girl that all the people like her.
她是如此善良的一位女孩以致于所有人都喜欢她。
2)如果主从句的主语相同,并且从句是否定的形式,可以用too...to...句型转化。如:
He was too excited to go to sleep.(与上句含义相同)
3)如果主从句的主语相同,但从句是肯定的形式,可以用adj.+ enough替换。如:
He is so old that he could go to school.
=He is old enough to go to school. 他够大了,可以去上学。
4..although 引导的让步状语从句
although/though “尽管/虽然……,(但是)……”,引导的让步状语从句。如:
Although I am only sixteen,I have been to five countries.
虽然我只有十六岁,但是我已经去过五个国家了。
注意: 体会汉语和英语某些地方的不同,在英语中的although/though和but不能同时使用,但可以与yet连用。
如:
Although he is a foreigner,he likes China very much.
He is a foreigner,but he likes China very much.
【活学活用】
根据句意填上合适的引导词
1)I want to be a singer ________ I get up early to practice singing every day.
2)________ you are my teacher, you couldn’t mistake me either.
3)I find a new house to live in________ the old one is far from my company.
4)________ she has time tomorrow, we will go shopping together.
5)The supper was ready ________ I got home.
6)I didn’t sleep last night ________ I finished my homework.
7)You should take off your shoes ________ you go into the lab.
8)I was surfing on the Internet ________ my sister was watching TV.
9)________ I finished reading the book, I had learnt a lot.
10)He likes listening to music ________ he doesn’t like singing at all.
.翻译句子
1)虽然昨天下雨了,但是我们玩得很开心。
________________________________________
2)他是如此勇敢,救了那个小女孩的命。
________________________________________
3)她太伤心了,说不出话来。
________________________________________
4)我们来自不同的国家,但我们是朋友。
________________________________________
答案:so Although because If when until before while After but
答案:Although it rained yesterday,we had a good time.
He was so brave that he save the girl’s life.
She is too sad to speak.
We came from different countries,but we are friends.
Module 10
would 的几种常见用法
1. 首先要清楚would 是will 的过去式。
1)同will的用法一样,would后面接动词原形。“...would do...”是过去将来时的句子结构,一般它只用在从句当中。如:
Li Ming said that he would be a doctor in the future.李明说他将来要作一名医生。
2)...would like to do...是固定句式,表示“想要做某事”,相当于want to do sth.。
疑问句形式要把would直接提前,否定句用wouldn’t。如:
What would you like to eat? 你想吃点什么?
2.would还可以用来表达对未来的想像。如:
I would have two wings and then fly to the moon.我想有一对翅膀飞到月亮上去。
I would receive a lot of presents on my birthday.我想生日时收到很多礼物。
【活学活用】
根据情景补全下面句子
1)Imagine you couldn’t go to school because of money.
I would ________________________________________
2)Imagine your friend misunderstood you.
I would ______________________________________
3)Imagine there was only one pear for you and your brother.
I would ________________________________________
4)Imagine you got lost in a strange city.
I would _______________________________________
5)Imagine you didn’t pass the exam in the final examination.
I would ________________________________________
答案:take a part time job.
write him a letter to explain it.
give it to my brother.
call 110.
work harder next term.
时间前面介词的使用
周季月年in在前,几月几号却不妥。
具体日子要用on,in要泛指早中晚。
具体哪天上下午,用on换in不能忘。
中午夜里用at,具体几点前面坐。
说“差”要用to来接,说“过”只用past,
时间介词记分明,各种考试全通过!下载本文