（宝山）

A. Our space is beautiful but dangerous.

B. There are different ways to deal with space garbage.

C. NASA has come up with new plans for space junk.

D. Space garbage sometimes hits spaceships.

E. Small objects also lead to dangers in the space.

F. Space garbage comes from satellites and rockets.

Our space is beautiful. Looking out of the window of a space shuttle, you can see the stars more clearly than you can from Earth. It’s thrilling view. However, what’s out there can be dangerous too. And the dangerous things are often too small to see.

Above Earth, where space shuttles orbit, there are thousands of chunks of space garbage. They are flying as spaceships, at about 17,000 miles per hour. Sometimes they hit spaceships. On one flight of the shuttle Columbia, the ship was hit 106 times. Most of those hits were not caused by rocks. They were caused by pieces of space garbage.

What kinds of objects are floating in space today? Some are satellites that are no longer working. Others are pieces of rockets that exploded. The first explosion of a rocket in space took place in 1961. Since then, many others have occurred. An exploding rocket can send out hundreds of bits of metal.

Space garbage also results from everyday even ts. Let’s say an astronaut walks outside a shuttle, taking pictures. What if he drops the camera lens cap? It becomes a piece of orbiting junk. A flying bolt may not sound like much. If it’s flying ten times as fast as a bullet, though, it can be pretty scary. Some space trash burns up by falling toward Earth. If it’s high up in space, though, it won’t fall to Earth. It will stay in orbit.

What can be done about space trash? This may be one of the most important questions now facing NASA. One answer is to keep track of it. Radar can track a piece of space junk as small as a softball. Before launching a flight, NASA makes sure no other ships or satellites will be in the way. They could also make sure no large pieces of space junk were in the flight’s p ath. But what about smaller things? What about a piece of metal as small as a pebble? One solution is to invent armor for spaceships. Another is to leave less garbage up there.

76—80 ADFEB

76.

Home is a place where one feels safe and secure but unfortunately, it is also the place where you may have serious accidents. The biggest single cause of accidents is human error! So you must take care of yourself!

77.

The design of houses can cause accidents. Balconies, fireplaces, staircases, ponds, glass doors or open-plan kitchens can all increase the risk of accidents. Hot water, household chemicals, fireplaces, matches, alcohol and sharp objects are also potential dangers. Loosing balance, clumsiness and being tired or careless can be the reasons for these accidents. What’s more, if you are under stress or when a routine is changed, you may also be under the risk of home accidents.

78.

You can see many dangerous home accidents happening around you. The most common ones are slips, falls and collisions. They are not fatal but often result in broken bones. The second most common types of accidents are burns, swallowed objects or breathed in chemicals. They especially affect children and need hospital attendance. Some other possible dangers at home are poisoning, choking, drowning, electric shocks, and animal bites. Some of these accidents may even result in death.

79.

Sometimes the simplest precaution protects you from the greatest harm! Therefore, it is important that we should educate people. The Ministry of Health can train professionals to educate nursing staff, ordinary people, voluntary workers, teachers, nursery staff and parents in home accident prevention and control. When people know first aid, they can reduce the risk of serious injuries.

80.

You must take measures to make your home a safer place. For instance, keep knives and other sharp objects in a safe drawer. Wipe up any liquids on the floor immediately in order not to slip or fall. Keep hot objects away from the reach of children. You also mustn’t leave children unattended near a bath that has water in it. If you keep furniture away from windows, you may prevent possible harm. Store all medicines, household chemicals, and so on, preferably in a locked box and do not forget to keep all dangerous substances in their original containers. In brief, if you want to protect yourself, be careful not to be sorry!

76. F 77. D 78. A 79. E 80. B

76.

Last Tuesday, I came home from school hot, tired, and starving. I had been through a very tiring day, and all I wanted to do was eat. I opened the refrigerator door and searched for something eatable. Luckily, I chanced to find a piece of leftover pizza from the night before. I put it onto a plate and popped it into my microwave oven. Presto! In less than two minutes, my pizza slice was ready for me to bite into. This modern-day invention, the microwave oven, should be considered one of the “wonders of the world ”because it is unbeatable as a food, money, and time saver.

77.

As a food saver, a microwave oven is definitely hard to beat. Almost any kind of leftover can be reheated in this type of oven, and used properly there is no worry of the food drying out. For example, spaghetti is a mess to try to reheat on top of the stove. It dries out terribly and will stick to the bottom and sides of a saucepan. The spaghetti will also scorch(烧焦) easily if one is not careful. But with a microwave oven, this is a different story with a happier ending. The spaghetti will remain saucy, will not stick, and will not

78.

Another “wonder ”about the microwave oven is the money that it saves. Leftovers that would normally be thrown out can be saved and reheated. This saves food; thus, it saves money. Also, these ovens are faster; therefore, they are electricity. In these days

79.

Best of all, however, is the time that a microwave oven can save. As a general rule, microwave cooking takes one-third the time that a conventional oven does. Imagine what a delight this would be after a tiring day at work, school, or, better yet, shopping! For instance, to bake a medium-sized potato takes only eight to ten minutes in a microwave oven. So in the time it would take to fry up a hamburger, one could have a hot baked potato to go with it. In addition to speedy cooking, a microwave is wonderful for defrosting (解冻) meat. On low power this oven can defrost any kind of meat in less than fifteen

80.

Indeed, microwave ovens should be considered one of the modern wonders of the world. I know that it was a wonder for me last Tuesday. That slice of day-old pizza made me feel like a new man!

76—80 ACEFB

Five Happiness Secrets For Tough Times

Sonja Lyubomirsky, an author, has researched the science of happiness for years. Here are her tips to help you cope with a bad economy, and increase your bursts of happiness throughout the day.

76. ________________

―You could spend a lot of time thinking deeply ,‖ says Lyubomirsky. ―But that just makes you feel even more pessimistic, more out of control, and affects your self esteem. Your relationships will su ffer and your job performance will suffer.‖

Get rid of pessimism. One of the most effective ways to cope when things are difficult is to adopt a positive thinking strategy. ―What can I learn from this? Times are tough, I’ve been furloughed at work, but I can spend more time with the kids, adopt a new hobby, or learn a new set of skills.‖

77. ________________

Now more than ever we need each other to survive. Lyubomirsky found that doing good things for friends, family, or strangers can make you happier. Think of practical, everyday gestures that can make someone’s life a little bit easier. For example, Lyubomirsky says, ―Maybe now many of us can’t afford to take a cab to the airport, so offer to give a friend a ride.‖

78. ________________

You don’t need an ex pert to tell you that relationships are critical to happiness. Not being the bread-winner anymore or not being able to fulfill your kid’s needs can weigh down hard on your family life. But the trick is to stop feeling guilty and focus on caring for your loved ones.

―I was at a psychology conference where an expert was talking about the effects of

this economy on families and how parents can’t afford to buy their kids luxuries like toys anymore,‖ says Lyubomirsky. ―But what they don’t realize is that kids don’t care about toys — what they care about is parents being grumpy and taking it out on them.‖

79. ________________

―If you find a happy person you will find a project,‖ says Lyubomirsky. ―Happy people all have goals they care about.‖

Commit yourself to a project – whether it is a business you want to start or a dance you want to learn. But it’s also important to remember to be flexible in these times. Don’t get frustrated if circumstances are stopping you from meeting your goals. Adopt and change!

―If your spouse has lost their job you might have to change your goal,‖ says Lyubomirsky. ―Or you might have to learn a whole new skill for a new job.‖

80. ________________

When times are tough, it’s easy to skip your regular workouts in favor of mop ping in front of the TV and eating a bag of chips. Your thinking is ―I have more important things to worry about right now than looking good.‖

But carve out a small part of your day to give your body some TLC (Tender Loving Care). It will go a long way in boosting your happiness. ―Even if you can’t afford to go to the gym,‖ Lyubomirsky says, ―take time out to exercise at home.‖

76-80: DFAEC

76.

You cannot change the laws of physics, but could physics actually enable us to travel through time? It might sound crazy, but according to Einstein ’s theories, there ’s no logical reason why time travel isn ’t possible and there are now scientists looking into it as a serious scientific proposal, at least at a theoretical level.

77. Put simply, Einstein ’s idea was that every object in the universe has its own ―time ‖, and these vary as objects move. The faster an object moves, the slower its time is, compared to the time of a slower moving object. The extreme situation would be if an object could move as fast as the speed of light, its time would be completely stopped. But

whatever an object ’ --- or person ’s --- time is, it ’s only evident in contrast to other objects. In other words, they ’re all relative.

78.

In 1971, after Einstein ’s death, two scientists were able to carry out a crucial experiment. They used two atomic clocks, synchronized them and placed one on a plane, while the other stayed in the same location on Earth. The plane then flew around the world for 80 hours. According to Einstein ’s theory, the clock on the plane would be expected to have lost time, due to being in motion over 80 hours compared to the clock on the ground. When they brought the clocks together and made a comparison, the clock on the plane was indeed a few nanoseconds slower than the other clock.

79. So, time is warped --- and this opens up the possibility that we might be able to somehow manipulate it as a mode of travel one day. Already one scientist has published a paper in which he detailed how to build a time machine.

80. If it were possible, however, it would present some pretty knotty paradoxes. For example, what if someone or something traveled back in time and changed the future? And have you heard the one about the time traveler who dots back and forward in time and by means of various medical technologies is able to be his own father AND mother?! And besides, if time travel is possible, where are all the people from the future----surely they ’d want to come and meet us poor stranded 21st century beings?

76-80 BFCDE

（嘉定）

Robot, it is a word that seems very modern, a word that creates a strong mental picture, a picture of something that looks and acts like a human. Robots are not human, of course, The word robot, and robots themselves, are less than 100 years old. But humans have been dreaming of real and imaginary copies of themselves for thousands of years. Early people made little human statues out of clay. And they cut wood and stone to look like humans.

What is the future of robots? The goal of scientists is to create a true human-like robot. Some experts have described this robot of the future as one that can act independently with the physical world through its own senses and actions. Humans have the ability to see, hear, speak and solve problems. Engineers have built robots that have one or two of

The biggest problem in creating a human-like robot is copying human intelligence. The way the human mind works is almost impossible to copy. A simple computer can do mathematical problems far beyond the ability of even the smartest human mind. But the human mind is better than a thousand supercomputers at speaking, hearing and problem-solving. Several American and Japanese companies are working to develop the senses of sight and touch for robots. The development of these senses will make robots

However, the most important human ability--the most difficult to copy--is problem-solving. An intelligent robot must be able to change the way it acts when it faces an unexpected situation. Humans do it all the time. Computers must do it for robots. This means computers must have a huge base of information about many things. They must be able to find quickly the needed information in their systems. And they must make choices about how to act. So far, this is beyond the ability of computers.

76.D 77.F 78.A 79.E 80. B

（金山）

A. Independence leading to family break-up

B. Women’s easy and convenient life in USA

C. No marriage for many people nowadays

D. Average American families getting small

E. Full freedom for young women

F. Divorce --- a social problem in USA

76.

Marriage, like other social instructions, is showing the strains of modern life. While more Americans are getting married today than ever before, the divorce rate is also disturbingly on the rise (one divorce for every three marriages last year). Why should this be so, and what, if anything, can we do to reverse this trend?

77.

For most people, life is easier and more comfortable than ever before. Convenience foods from the supermarket simplify shopping and cooking. Household appliances like the vacuum cleaner and the washing machine have made housework much easier to do. Released from these household chores, many wives have found jobs outside the home. Women are achieving economic independence.

78.

Families, too, are simpler today. In America, it is not customary for parents to live with

their married children. With our greater mobility, relatives have scattered, the parents retiring to Florida or Arizona and the young people, after they marry, going wherever their

jobs or their interests take them.

79. Young adult women have new freedom, too. While attending college, they often live away from home, sometimes far from their parents or their relatives. After college, they move to the city, find a job, and set up ―bachelor ‖ apartment. This is the era of women ’s liberation.

80. But all this freedom and affluence had had an unforeseen and in some respects a devastating effect on marriage. Men and women, no longer dependent on each other for food and maintenance, find it harder to accept the responsibilities and restraints or endurance the misunderstandings of married life. When happiness becomes misery, many couples decide too terminate their marriage through divorce. On the other hand, there is a growing trend today for couples in trouble to try to save their marriage by consulting a professional counselor. He listens patiently while they talk, knowing that only through self-understanding can they solve their problems.

76 – 80 FBDEA

（静安）

A. New teachers' opinions of involving parents

B. An argument over an assignment

C. A conflict between assumption and reality

D. Difficulties in sharing goals

E. The best way to score high

F. Proper ways of parental involvement

76. An Iowa high school counselor gets a call from a parent protesting the "C" her child received on an assignment 'The parent argued every point in the essay, "recalls the counselor, who soon realized why the mother was so disappointed about my grade, 'it became apparent that she'd written it."

77. In a survey, 90% of new teachers agreed that involving parents in their children's education is a priority at their school, but only 25% described their experience working with parents as "very satisfying." When asked to choose me biggest challenge they face, 31 % of them quoted involving parents and communicating with them as their top choice. 73 % of new teachers said too many parents treat schools and teachers as enemies. 78. At a time when competition is rising and resources are limited, when battles over testing force schools to adjust their priorities, when cell phones and e-mail speed up the information flow and all kinds of private ghosts and public quarrels slip into the

parent-teacher conference, it's harder for both sides to step back and breathe deeply and look at the goals they share.

79.

Everyone says the parent-teacher conference should be pleasant, civilized, a kind of dialogue where parents and teachers build partnership. But what most teachers feel, and certainly what all parents feel, is anxiety and panic:

80. When a teacher asks parents to be partners, he or she doesn't necessarily mean Mom or Dad should be camping in the classroom. Research shows that though students benefit modestly from having parents involved at school, what happens at home matters much more. According to research based on the National Education Longitudinal Study, a sample of nearly 25,000 eighth graders, among four main areas of parental involvement(home discussion, home supervision. school communication, and school participation), home discussion was the most strongly related.

76—80 BADCF

（卢湾）

There are many ways to help you improve your memory.

76.

Most people memorize information best when they study in short periods over a long period of time. Memorizing facts from index cards that can be carried with you and pulled out for a few ten-minute sessions each day will yield better results than sitting down with a text book for an hour straight. Index card notes can be pulled out in odd moments: while you are sitting in the car waiting to pick up your friend, during the 15 minutes you spend on the bus in the morning, while you wait to be picked up from school or work, and so on. You ’ll find these short but regular practices will greatly aid your recall of lots of information. They ’re a great way to add more study time to your schedule.

77.

When you have a list to memorize, divide the list into groups of seven or any other number. People seem to remember best when they divide long lists into shorter ones —and, for some reasons, shorter ones that have an odd number of items. So instead of trying to memorize ten vocabulary or spelling words, split your list into smaller lists of seven and three, or five and five, to help you remember them.

78.

Give yourself visual assistance in memorizing. If there ’s a tricky combination of letters

79.

Give yourself auditory assistance in memorizing. Many people learn best if they hear the information. Sit by yourself in a quiet room and say aloud what you need to learn. Or give your notes to someone else and let that person ask you or quiz you on the material.

80.

When you study right before going to bed and don’t allow any interference—such as conversation, radio, television, or music—to come between study and sleep, you remember material better. This is especially true if you review first thing after waking as well. A rested and relaxed brain seems to hang on to information better than a tired and stressed-out brain.

76. E 77. A 78. D 79. F 80. C

（闵行）

Tips for dealing with depression

76.

Getting the support you need plays a big role in lifting the fog of depression and keeping it away. On your own, it can be difficult to maintain perspective and sustain the effort required to beat depression. But the very nature of depression makes it difficult to reach out for help. However, isolation and loneliness make depression even worse, so

77.

Depression puts a negative spin on everything, including the way you see yourself, the situations you encounter, and your expectations for the future. But you can’t break out of this pessimistic mind frame by ―just thinking positive.‖ Happy thoughts or wishful thinking won’t cut it. Rather, the trick i s to replace negative thoughts with more balanced thoughts.

78.

In order to overcome depression, you have to take care of yourself. This includes following a healthy lifestyle, learning to manage stress, setting limits on what you’re able

79.

When you’re depressed, exercising may be the last thing you feel like doing. But exercise is a powerful tool for dealing with depression. In fact, studies show that regular

exercise can be as effective as antidepressant medication at increasing energy levels and decreasing feelings of fatigue. Scientists haven’t figured out exactly why exercise is such a potent antidepressant, but evidence suggests that physical activity triggers new cell growth in the brain, increases mood-enhancing neurotransmitters and endorphins, reduces stress, and relieves muscle tension — all things that can have a positive effect on depression.

80.

If you find your depression getting worse and worse, seek professional help. Needing more help doesn’t mean you’re weak. Sometimes the negative thinking in depression can make you feel like you’re a lost cause, but depression can be treated and you can feel better!

76.B

77. D 78. C 79. A 80. E

（浦东）

76.

Environmental groups in the United States are leading a campaign to save thousands of endangered sea

turtles. They have

asked Pope John Paul the Second to ban turtle meat during the Christian religious observance known as Lent Christians observe Lent in preparation for the holiday of Easter.

77. Environmental groups say illegal turtle hunting is one of the major threats to endangered sea turtles in southern California and Mexico. It has been illegal to harvest and eat sea turtle meat in Mexico for more than ten years. However, demand for sea turtle meat is widespread in both Southern California and Mexico. Biologists believe that illegal hunting is one of the main reasons for the sharp drop in sea turtle population during the past thirty years.

78. The week before Easter Sunday is an especially deadly time for the turtles. As many as 5000 turtles are killed during this time each year. Many Mexicans and Mexican Americans eat turtle meat during the days before Easter. Many people do not eat meat during this holy time in order to obey the rules of Lent. Because sea turtles swim, many people consider them to be fish. Fish is permitted during Lent.

79.

The Sea Turtle Conversation Network is a union of fishermen, environmental activists and researchers. They sent a letter to Pope John Paul, urging the Roman Catholic Church

leader to

officially declare that sea turtle flesh is meat, not fish of seafood. They say thousands of these endangered animals would be saved if people did not eat them during this religious period. The letter also asked members of the Catholic Church to obey laws banning the capture of turtles in Mexico and the United States.

80. About 35,000 endangered sea turtles are killed illegally near the coasts of Baja, California each year. Studies have shown a sharp drop in the numbers of females. They travel from as far away as Japan to lay their eggs on local beaches. Environmental activists say hunting sea turtles for their meat is the main barrier to the recovery of the species. They have urged the governments of the United States and Mexico to improve enforcement of the ban on sea turtle harvesting.

76-80. CADFE

(普陀)

76.

importance to a public man. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will. The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process. The seeds must by carefully chosen; they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed.

77.

they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: 'I will take an interest in this or that.' Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet get hardly any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death,

those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death.

78.

effort, the chance of playing a game of football on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the

politician

or the professional or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend. 79.

and lay their hands on almost every object of desire -- for them a new pleasure, a new excitement if only an additional satiation. In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion. For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path.

80.

First, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, those whose work and pleasure are one. Of these the former are the majority. They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays, when they come, are grudged as enforced as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation. Yet to both classes, the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential.

Indeed, it may well be that those work is their pleasure are those who and most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds.

选标题：76-80 BCDEF

（青浦）

5 Golden Lessons from Steve Jobs

A. The only way to do great work is to love what

you do.

B. We’re here to make things different.

C. Innovation has no limits.

D. D on’t waste life living someone else’s life.

E . It’s wonderful to have a beginner’s mind.

F. Severe failure helps people grow.

76.

77.

with all matters of the heart, you’ll know when you find it.Seek out an occupation that gives you a sense of meaning, direction and satisfaction in life. It not only contributes to health and longevity, but also makes you feel better in difficult times. Do you jump out of bed on Monday mornings and look forward to the work week? If the answer i s ―no‖, keep looking, you’ll know when you find it.

78.

mind.‖ It is the kind of mind that can see things as they are, which step by step and in a flash can realize the original nature of everything. Beginne r’s mind is Zen practice in action. It is the mind that is innocent of preconceptions and expectations, judgments and prejudices. Think of beginner’s mind as the mind that faces life like a small

79.

year. It’s very character-building. Don’t equate making mistakes with being a mistake. There is no such thing as a successful person who has not failed or made mistakes, there are successful people who made mistakes and changed their lives or performance in response to them, and so got it right the next time. They viewed mistakes as warnings rather than signs of hopeless inadequacy. Never making a mistake means never living life to the full.

80.

Don’t people’s thinking. Don’t let the noise of other’s opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary. No doubt, it’s your life and you have every right to spend it in your own individual way without any hurdles or barriers from others. Give yourself a chance to live a life that YOU choose and be your own boss in a fear-free and pressure-free climate. So go ahead, give them a try.

Section C 76～80 C A E F D

（徐汇）

optimism is gratitude. In fact, there is a strong connection between a grateful attitude and a heightened sense of well-being. Appreciate all the positives in your life by starting a gratitude journal in order to remember what you're thankful for. By remembering the pleasant things in your life, you can actually turn a

acting like you're happy—even if you aren't. A genuine smile and a forced smile will cause the same chemical reactions in your brain, so you can actually fool your mind into feeling better by making it react chemically as if things were going well. So act in an optimistic way—smile, laugh, tell a joke or reassure yourself that everything is good—even if you

you're stuck in traffic, then everything else must be going horribly too," says Anne Parker, a wellness counselor. By blowing negative events out of proportion, you're setting yourself up for feeling down all day. "Instead, acknowledge that you're stuck in traffic, but also bring to mind something good, like the beautiful scenery outside the window, or the interesting radio show you’re listening to." That way, you'll get in the habit of forbidding negative circumstances from blanketing your

but they take time to achieve. By focusing on not having accomplished them yet, you will start to feel down on yourself-and may even end up throwing in the towel, causing your outlook on life to worsen. However, if you focus on the small milestones that occur along the way, you will feel positive about your progress, which will give you the momentum to

United Healthcare and Volunteer Match found that volunteers are 72% more likely to characterize themselves as optimistic compared with non-volunteers. Plus, % of volunteers say that volunteering has improved their sense of well-being, and 92% say that it enriches their sense of purpose in life.

76-80 DBAFE

（杨浦）

Autism

is a disorder

of early development

that causes severe problems in thinking, communicating

with others, and feeling a part of the outside world. Taken from the Greek word autos meaning "alone," autism prevents children from developing normal social relationships, even with their

parents.

Not all autistic infants and children are alike; in fact, there is no single typical clinical picture of

the disorder. However, certain types of behavior are noted in a majority of autistic children.

Autistic infants will not cuddle, and they do not like to be picked up. The usual things that

children do to imitate adults, such as waving goodbye, are not observed in autistic children.

Instead, autistic children very often repeat such movements as flicking a hand, twisting an arm

or leg, or banging the head over and over. Strange gestures and distorted facial expressions

are common.

Language develops slowly, if at all. Some autistic children remain totally silent, while others

merely repeat words they hear or communicate by gestures. They have little or no interest in

making friends. They smile rarely, if ever, and will avoid making eye contact. Unlike normal

children, they tend to fixate on a single object or task, such as spinning the wheels on a toy car

over and over.At one time autism was blamed on bad parenting. Now it is believed to be caused by abnormalities in the brain. Several possible causes of these abnormalities have been proposed: an illness the mother suffered during her pregnancy; too little oxygen at the time of birth; or possibly an abnormal gene. In some cases, X rays have revealed abnormalities in the structure of the brain itself. There is no way to diagnose autism apart from observing the child's behavior closely over a period of time.

Although some patient-tailored programs can help children function better, the life of these children is generally hard to predict. Some will remain severely impaired throughout their lives.

A majority always will depend heavily on support from relatives and professional caregivers, and may require special living arrangements and close supervision. However, progressive changes in the treatment of these children have enabled about one in six to live independently and work productively. What's more, the intelligence level of the child partly affects the ability to fimction.

76-80 D E F A C

76.

Gamaliel Rizzo grew up in

a brownstone apartment in Brooklyn and is studying to

become a doctor. Still, he spent his high school years learning how to raise goats and cows and growing corns and sunflowers. He even worked on a dairy farm in the summer, all as a member of the Future Farmers of America. Although the nation has shifted ever further from its agrarian roots, the organization is flowering. Begun 83 years ago and now known simply as the FFA, it is the largest vocational student group in the country, with more than half a million members and still growing.

77.

Although farm employment accounts for less than 1 percent of all jobs in the United States, One in 12 jobs in the U.S. is agriculture-related. And during the deep economic downturn and rocky recovery, these workers have actually fared better than most. That gives the FFA a calling card as an organization that actually prepares students for potential careers. About 70 percent of its members live in rural areas, and 19 percent live in small towns. The fastest growing part, however, is in urban and suburban areas, now making up 10 percent of the membership.

78 Over the past years, the group has succeeded in part by expanding well beyond agricultural science while also broadening that field to include genetics, landscape gardening and alternative fuels. Now, the group’s chapters aim to teach students leadership and job readiness as much as the finer points of cattle care or corn fertilization.

79. Now at a time when many employers complain about the lack of basic communication and interpersonal skills among job candidates, the FFA emphasizes work on group projects and old-fashioned presentations in essays and speeches at many of its events. Even in the purely agricultural contests like the judging of crops, students defended their

80. In daily operation, FFA members must enroll in agricultural courses at school, but they also need to complete much work after school preparing for speaking and business competitions, or tending vegetable plots or animals. They also must take part in projects related to farms and other firms. The group draws many students whose parents and grandparents were members, even if they are no longer on the farm.

76-80 E C D A F

（长宁）

76._____________________

A blue hole is a flooded sea cave with a hole that opens up at the land's surface. These cave systems form in carbonate rock, often on islands. Some blue holes have very special rock formations and water chemistry. Far below sea level, they contain some of the harshest environments on Earth, with no oxygen and no light. Yet these areas are filled

with life forms that have adapted to the extreme conditions.

77.___________________

Blue holes get their name from the color some have when seen from the air. The color is usually a reflection of the sky on the water. Blue holes are the result of erosion in which water breaks down rock. Rain falling thousands of years ago contained chemicals which slowly wore away at the limestone landmass. These holes later filled with sea water as the sea level changed. The rising and falling of sea levels and the mixture of salt and fresh water further wore away at these cave formations.

78.____________________________

These flooded cave systems can be found in the ocean, or they can be found inland. Ocean caves are affected by tides, so they always have water movement. But blue holes on land are very still. They have several layers of water, chemicals, and bacteria. The top layer of fresh water comes from rainfall. This layer acts like a cap on top of the layered mixture, and keeps out oxygen from the atmosphere. The fresh water floats on a denser layer of saltwater. Underneath this is a layer of poisonous hydrogen sulfide, produced by bacteria living in the water. Underneath this layer is anoxic seawater -- water that does not contain any oxygen.

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Information gathered from these blue holes is helping scientists to increase their understanding of biology, archaeology and geology. But exploring these blue hole environments brings danger as well as discovery. Scientists are interested in these caves because oxygen-free conditions there are similar to those on Earth long ago, before oxygen existed on our planet. But there are many difficulties involved in diving into blue holes.

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One reason blue holes have not been fully explored is that they can be extremely dangerous. There are many safety rules that divers must follow to help ensure their survival. First, divers must have training and experience to swim in these caves. Divers who explore a cave for the first time must establish a thin rope called a guideline. This line helps them to safely enter and exit the cave without getting lost.

76. F 77. C 78. A 79. B 80. E

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