一.条件句中的虚拟语气
| 条件从句 | 主句 | |
与现在事实相反 | If + 主语 + were V-ed | 主语+should (would, could, might)+ do |
与过去事实相反 | If +主语+had done | 主语+should (would, could, might) + have done |
与将来事实相反 | If+主语+should +do were to + do | 主语+ should (would, could, might) + do |
If it weren’t for their support, we would be in a very difficult position.(与现在事实相反)
I would certainly go if I had the time. (与现在事实相反)
If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.(与过去事实相反)
If I were to (should) do it, I would do it in a different way.(与将来事实相反)
另外,如果条件从句中包含有一个助动词、情态动词、动词be或have,
有时可把if省略,但这时句子要倒装。
Had we made (If we had made) adequate preparations, we might have succeeded.
Should there be a flood, what should we do?
Were it not for their assistance, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties.
二.名词性从句中的虚拟语气
1.wish后的宾语从句:宾语从句的引导词that常常省略
1)对现在情况的虚拟(与现在的事实相反,表示对目前状况的一种愿望),从句用过去时或过去进行时(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语be用were,实义动词用过去时。例:
I wish I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道的)
I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)
2)对过去情况的虚拟(和过去的事实相反,表示对过去的事情表示遗憾或后悔)。从句的谓语用过去完成时,或would / could / should +现在完成时。例:
I wish that I could have attended the concert last night. (若wish并非过去形式,则看时间状语)
We wished he had spoken to us. (事实上他并没同我们讲)
3)对将来情况的虚拟(表示对将要发生的事情的祝愿或愿望)。从句 谓语用“would / should / could / might +动词原形”
I wish it would stop raining. (事实上雨还在下着呢)
I wish you would be quiet. (事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)
2.在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
此类动词后面的宾语从句用“should + 动词原形”,但事实上should常被省略,故此从句中谓语动词用原形,常用的此类动词如下:
表示“要求”:ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg
表示“提议、劝告、建议”:propose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote
表示“决定、命令”:decide, order, command
表示“主张”:maintain, urge
表示“同意、坚持”:consent, insist
The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight
The university requires that all its students take this course.
3.在expect,believe,think,suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在上述动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中,经常用“should + 动词原形”,表示惊奇、怀疑、不满等
I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.
4.would rather,would sooner,had rather,would(just)as soon,would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气, 谓语用过去时表示现在或将来,用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。表示“宁愿做什么”或“对过去做的是的懊悔”
I would rather he came tomorrow than today
John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening
5.It is essential that等主语从句结构中的虚拟语气
在It is+某些表示希望、要求、建议、必要等含义的形容词或过去分词+主语从句的结构中,从句谓语动词用虚拟语气。形式为动词原形或should+动词原形。这类形容词或过去分词有:essential, important, natural, necessary, possible, probable, preferable(更可取的), strange, urgent, vital, desirable(极好的), appropriate, better, advised, desired, demanded, ordered, proposed, recommended, required, suggested
It is necessary that we have a walk now.
It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.
6.It is a pity, it is a shame等结构后的主语从句, 用should+动词原形
It is a great pity that he should be so conceited.
7.It’s (about / high) time后从句中的虚拟语气, 常用过去时或should +动词原形,意为“是…时候了”。若出现it was time, 则从句用had done.
It is high time we did something to stop air pollution.
It was time we had done something to stop air pollution.
8.advice等名词后表语或同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在一些表示建议、要求、命令、劝告等意义的名词之后的表语从句或同位语从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟语气。其形式为: 原形动词或should+动词原形。这类名词有:advice, decision, idea, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, suggestion, requirement, opinion, instruction等。如:
My opinion is that we should change the plan right now.
The director left the order that nothing be touched until the police arrived.
9.状语从句中的虚拟语气
1)以as if(though)引起的方式状语从句(谓语形式与wish后的宾语从句相同)。其形式有三种:
与现在事实相反的假设:谓语用过去时,系动词be一律用were
He speaks English as he were an Englishman.
与过去事实相反的假设:谓语用过去完成时,表示从句谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作之前。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.
对未来事实的一种假设:谓语用would + 动词原形
The engines sounded as if they would begin to beat irregularly.
2)以lest,for fear that引起的从句(这时谓语多用should加动词原形构成)
He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain
He put his coat over the soldier for fear that he should catch cold.
3)以if,if only表示愿望的假设
If和if only常用来表示和事实相反的愿望。意为“要是…多好”“要是…就好了”。其后句子中的谓语动词有两种形式:
用过去时、过去时助动词+动词原形、were表指现在
用过去完成时表指过去。
If I were in Beijing now!
If only the rain would stop! = I do wish the rain would stop.
If I had known! = I wish I had known.
10.had hoped后宾语从句中的虚拟语气:这一句型表示一种过去未实现的愿望。从句谓语用would+原形动词来表示。如:
I had hoped that she would come to the party.
练习:
1.They had hoped that she _____ out about it.
A. would not find B. not find C. should not find D. won’t find
2.I’d rather you _____ anything about it for the time being.
A. do B. won’t do C. didn’t do D. hadn’t do
3.I’d just as soon ____ rudely to her.
A. that you won’t speak B. your not speaking
C. you not speak D. you didn’t speak
4.Whom would you rather ____ with you, George or me?
A. go B. to go C. have go D. have gone
5.I ____ go down town to get a ticket ____ wait here in line for hours.
A. would rather/ than B. would/ rather than to
C. prefer/ than D. prefer/ to
6.It is high time you ____.
A. start to work B. started working
C. would start to work D. had started to work
7.“Do you have a dictionary?”
“No, but I wish I ____.”
A. have B. did C. do D. have had
8.I wish that I ____ the book report yesterday. But I was too busy.
A. had finished to write B. could have finished writing
C. could have finished to write D. might finish writing
9.I wish that I _____ the concert last night.
A. could attend B. could have attended C. to attend D. attended
10. Professor Lawrence recommended that Jane _____ in chemistry.
A. not major B. wouldn’t major C. not to major D. isn’t majoring
11. Jean’s uncle insists ____ in this hotel.
A. not staying B. that he not stay C. not to stay D. staying not
12. It was essential that the application forms _____ back before the deadline.
A. must be sent B. would be sent C. be sent D. were sent
13. It is extremely urgent that they ____ from the mountain before dark.
A. shall be rescued B. will be rescued C. be rescued D. must rescue
14. It is natural that an employee ____ his work on time.
A. finished B. finishes C. finish D. finishing
15. _____ no electronic computer, there would have no artificial satellites or rockets.
A. Had there been B. If there were
C. Should there be D. If there are
16. _____ yesterday I would have missed the train.
A. Had I not taken your advice B. If I did not take your advice
C.If I have not taken your advice D.Provided I did not take your advice
17. They told the story as if it ____ to them.
A. has happened B. had happened C. was happened D. would happened
18. I am punishing the child ____ he should make the same mistake.
A. unless B. lest C. except D. as
19. Mrs. Smith locked both the front and the back doors before she went to bed ____ that someone might steal into the house at night.
A. so B. for fear C. lest D. unless
20. We must stop now. It is time we ____ home.
A. have gone B. are going C. were going D. will go
21. The teacher demanded that her students _____ on time to every class.
A. were B. be C. had D. must had to
22. It is a great pity that you ____ have done such a thing.
A. ought to B. should C. could D. might
ACDCA BBBBA BCCCA ABBBC BB下载本文