There is an urgent need for e-commerce rules to boost confidence in buying online. Consumers International, a federation of 245 consumer organizations — including the UK's Consumers Association — said its survey showed that there were still obatacles to shopping online with complete trust.
The study, funded by the European Union, involved buying more than 150 items from 17 countries. Each consumer organization taking part tried to find one site in its own country and one abroad to buy a selection of items. These included a dictionary, a doll, jeans, a hairdryer, computer software and hardware, chocolates and champagne.
The key findings were:
∙Eight of the items ordered took more than a month to reach their destination and at least 11 (eight percent) never arrived.
∙Many sites did not give clear information about delivery charges.
∙Only 13% of the sites promised that they would not sell customers' personal information on to a third party.
∙Only 53% of the companies had a policy on returning goods.
∙Only 65% of the sites provided confirmation of the order and only 13% told customers when their goods had been dispatched.
∙In two cases, customers are still waiting for their money back more than four months after returning their goods.
Louis Sylvan, vice-president of Consumers International, said, "This study shows that, although buying items over the Internet can benefit the consumer by offering convenience and choice, there are still many obstacles that need to be overcome before consumers can shop in cyberspace with complete trust."
Chris Philips, Marketing Manager at a London based e-commerce security company commented, "This study confirms the difficulties of establishing consumers' trust in the Internet as a shopping experience. With statistics like these and Visa claiming 47% of disputes and fraud cases were Internet-related, it is little wonder that Internet commerce is not producing the profits predicted two or three years ago. Trust takes time to build, and the Internet will not mature as a retail channel until trusted brands, like the banks for example, start to offer ways of supporting trust relationships with guarantees payment and service."
In September, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development will hold a meeting to discuss a set of international guidelines for electronic commerce
Unit 1 part3
Many people dislike walking to the bank, standing in long lines, and running out of checks. They are dissatisfied with their bank's limited hours, too. They want to do some banking at night, and on weekends. For such people, their problems may soon be over. Before long, they may be able to do their banking from the comfort of their own home, any hour of the day, any day of the week.
Many banks are preparing "online branches," or Internet offices, which means that people will be able to take care of much of their banking business through their home computers. This process is called interactive banking. At these online branches, customers will be able to view all their accounts, move money between their accounts, apply for a loan, and get current information on products such as credit cards. Customers will also be able to pay their bills electronically, and even e-mail questions to the bank.
Banks are creating online services for serval reasons. One reason is that banks must compete for customers, who will switch to another bank if they are dissatisfied with the service they receive. The convenience of online banking appeals to the kind of customer banks most want to keep —people who are young, well-educated, and have good incomes. Banks also want to take advantage of modern technology as they move into the twenty-first century.
Online banking may not be appropriate for everyone. For instance, many people do not have computers at home. Other people prefer to go to the bank and handle their accounts the traditional way. Even though online banking may never completely replace a walk-in bank, it is a service that many customers are going to want to use.
Unit 2 part2
Bev Rose is a very good hostess. She tells the guests in her home there are sodas in the refrigerator, snacks in the kitchen, and videos next to the TV.
But Rose's guests aren't out-of-town family or friends. Her guests are from all over the world. Rose's house is like a small hotel. It is called a bed and breakfast or B&B for short. The name of Rose's B&B is Suits Us.
Rose and her husband have joined a growing number of people who are operating B&Bs in their homes. B&Bs offer the charm, comfort, and hospitality that is often missing in big hotels. That's why there are many people who would rather stay at a B&B than a hotel when they travel.
There are about 15 000 B&Bs across the U.S. Each year they welcome millions of visitors. And the number is increasing. "I think guests are looking for the personal touch," said Pat Hardy, the director of the American Bed and Breakfast Association. "In a B&B, you don't have a room number. The owner knows who you are and helps you enjoy your trip," Hardy said. Travelers often want more than just a place to sleep. They like B&Bs because the owner takes a personal interest in them.
Rose said one of the best things about owning a B&B is meeting all the different people. She loves watching the guests meet each other for the first time at breakfast. "It's really fun to stand in the kitchen and talk with my guests. Even though most of them have just met for the first time, the conversations at the breakfast table are really interesting and lively."
Many B&Bs are older homes with interesting histories. Suits Us was built in 1883. The rooms are filled with antiques and 19th-century decorations. The Roses rent three of the upstairs bedrooms to guests. Every room at Suits Us has its own personality. The Roses have named several of the rooms for previous guests. For example, one of the rooms is named the Woodrow Wilson Room because the former U.S. President stayed there. Another room is called the Annie Oakley Room because the famous cowgirl was once a guest there.
Bed and breakfasts aren't for everyone. Some people aren't comfortable staying in someone else's home. And other people don't care for the personal interaction. But for a quiet, romantic place to stay, many people are checking into bed and breakfasts instead of hotels. Once people have stayed in a B&B, they often find it hard to go back to hotels.
Unit 2 part3
| A — Agent C — Customer | |
| A: | Good afternoon. U-Drive-It rentals. May I help you? |
| C: | Hi, yeah. I'm interested in, uh, renting a car for the weekend, and I'm wondering if you have a special weekend rate? |
| A: | Yes, we do. [Mm-hmm.] Uh … what sort of car were you interested in? |
| C: | Well, we're a family of three and we have camping equipment. Now, I'm used to driving a small car, but I might need something a little larger because of the family and, uh … all the equipment that we have. |
| A: | Well, um … I could suggest a compact car for/to you. [Mm-hmm.] Some of our compacts have … have large trunks, [OK.] or, uh … Oh, better yet, why not a small station wagon? [Oh, good.] Um … all our cars are current models and, uh, have automatic transmission. |
| C: | Oh, well, I'm used to driving a standard, but I guess there's no problem with automatic transmission. |
| A: | No, no. If you can drive a standard you can drive an automatic. [Mh-hmm.] Uh, now, listen, when were you … uh … interested in … in renting this? |
| C: | Uh, well, we'll be leaving on a Friday, that's the … let's see, that's Friday, July 7th, and then returning on the Monday. That would be the tenth. |
| A: | Mm-hmm. Well, let's see … uh … we have … uh … Oh! We have a Pinto station wagon for those dates. [Mm-hmm. Good.] Um … yeah, I think … I think that's your best bet. |
| C: | OK. Uh … well, then when would we have to pick up the car and when would we have to return the car to get that special weekend rate? |
| A: | Well, for the weekend rate you have to pick up the car after four o'clock on Friday afternoon [Uh-huh.] and then return it by ten o'clock on Monday morning. |
| C: | After four on Friday and returning by ten o'clock on Monday morning. [Mm-hmm.] OK. What … uh … uh, what would be the price for that? |
| A: | OK, now, our … our regular rate is seventy-nine ninety-five. [Ooh!] but the special weekend rate w… you can get that for fifty-nine ninety-five. [Oh, Great.] Um … now the first three hundred miles are free, [Mm-hmm…] after that it's twelve cents per mile. |
| C: | Oh, so it's twelve cents a mile extra after the first three hundred miles? |
| A: | That's right. |
| C: | OK. Uh … do you have any … um … rentals with unlimited mileage? |
| A: | Well, we do, but you can't get that special weekend rate. |
| C: | Uh-huh. OK. Well, then does the fifty-nine ninety-five - that was the rate, right? [Mm-hmm.] — does that include insurance? |
| A: | No … um … the insurance is ten dollars more, but I really recommend it. |
| C: | Yeah. |
| A: | OK, now there's a … there's a sales tax of eight percent, [Mm-hmm…] and … um … you have to return the car with a full tank of gas. [Uh-huh.] Also, we require a deposit of a hundred dollars. |
| C: | Oh boy. It sure adds up! |
| A: | Well, our rates are still the lowest in town. |
| C: | Uh-huh. OK. Well, I tell you what. I'd like to think about it, if that's right, and then I'll call you back…uh… |
| A: | Sure, that's fine. Uh, listen, when you … when you do call back, ask for Doug. That's me. |
| C: | OK. Well, thanks a lot. Doug. Goodbye. |
| A: | Take care. |
On Thursday, April 17, "National Teach Children to Save Day," 2 500 bankers will make 5 000 presentations in elementary school classrooms across the country to teach children how to save money.
"Bankers are committed to investing in the future of children because we want them to be able to make smart financial decisions throughout their lifetime," said American Bankers Association Executive Vice-president Donald G. Ogilvie. "Education and money management skills are keys to a better life."
The ABA Education Foundation declared "National Teach Children to Save Day" as a way to show banking industry support for teaching children money management skills and encouraging them to save money for the future. In 1996, Americans saved only 4.9% of their disposable incomes, compared to 1970 when they saved 8%.
The Foundation coordinated a great effort with state bankers associations to encourage bankers to participate in "National Teach Children to Save Day." It also prepared a resource kit with tools to help bankers make presentations in classrooms. More than 125 000 students will be part of this national initiative.
The ABA Education Foundation also offers tips for parents to foster the savings habit in their children:
∙Give them an allowance with the understanding that part of it goes into their own savings — a first step towards learning to budget.
∙To make their savings visible and real, have them build up savings in a piggy bank. Then help them open their own bank savings account, and have them make deposits each month.
∙Use their monthly statements, or the record in their savings passbooks, to show them how their money is multiplying.
∙For every dollar your children earn, encourage them to spend 25 cents on what they want or need now, put 25 cents away for a bigger-item purchase later and save or invest the rest. (That's a 50% savings rate!)
∙Make savings and investing fun. Give your children play money to "invest" in stocks they can track in local newspapers. If the stocks go up, pay them in more play money; if the stocks decline, they pay you.
Unit 3 part3
Credit cards are an important part of American life. Whether we have a positive or negative image of credit cards, they are an inescapable part of our finances, either now or in the future.
Without a credit card, it's just about impossible to rent a car, make a hotel or airline reservation, or even get a membership at a video store.
Since credit cards are so important, yet so many people are in financial trouble because of them, we feel education is extremely important. We want to show our customers that credit cards are not toys; they are an important responsibility.
A credit card can be used to "charge" things like clothes, tapes or CDs, dinner at a restaurant, or maybe a hotel room while you're on vacation. When you charge something, you are agreeing to pay for your purchase at a later date. Basically, you are buying something now and paying for it later.
Credit cards come with a "limit." Let's say your credit card has a limit of $100. That means you can charge up to $100.00 worth of items on your card. You will get a statement in the mail each month that lists the charges you have made. You will also have to make a payment every month that you have a balance owing.
Since we're about educating our customers on the realities of credit and credit cards, we're going to be perfectly honest. First, using a credit card can be very expensive. Banks don't offer credit cards just because they like you. They offer them because they make money when customers use credit cards.
How do they make money? When you charge something on a credit card, you not only will have to pay for what you bought, but you will also have to pay interest, or a finance charge, if you don't pay your bill in full by the due date. The finance charge is your extra cost for having something now and paying for it later. The interest rate on a credit card can be 15% or even higher. If, however, you pay your bill in full every month by the due date, you do not have to pay interest. And of course, we highly recommend you do that!
It's very easy to make lots of purchases on your card and then be surprised at how quickly they add up when your bill arrives! If you're not careful when you use a credit card, you could find yourself in a lot of debt. And it always takes much longer to pay it off than to spend it.
You will also want to be careful about buying things with credit card you wouldn't normally be able to afford. Again, you can get in over your head and end up paying a tremendous amount of interest.
However, when used correctly, credit cards can be very helpful. It's sometimes hard to do certain things without a credit card. Credit cards are also helpful for emergencies and are good for travel. Some credit cards even insure your purchase, meaning if something is lost, stolen, or broken, it can be replaced.
We believe the best way to become responsible with credit is to learn through hands-on experience. If you begin at a young age with a low limit, you won't be likely to blow it and get in financial trouble later on.
Unit4 Part 2
| B: | Well, good afternoon, Mr. Jackson. |
| J: | Good afternoon. I've come to see you to see whether it's possible to ... get an overdraft. I'm ... I want some money. [Yes] I'll tell you quite frankly what it is. I'm wanting to buy a new car. [Yes] I don't know whether it's possible to raise any money from the bank in this way. |
| B: | Er, I see no reason why not. |
| J: | I've got an old car ... |
| B: | What's your proposition? |
| J: | Well, I've got this old car which is an eight-year-old Morris 1000, and I don't think there's any point in having it repaired any more because it just isn't worth it. I feel that I could probably get about a hundred pounds for it and then that means that I would need about another four hundred-odd, three hundred and fifty ... [Mhm] er, on top of that, to buy a, a, not a new car exactly, but a newer one. [Mhm] Um, ... |
| B: | Do you use the car for your business, for your work? |
| J: | Er; yes I do, up to a point. That is to say, sometimes I take it to work and sometimes I don't, because I'm almost within walking distance of the College. [Mhm] Does this have some bearing on the, on the question of whether I can get an overdraft? |
| B: | No, I don't think so. I, er, it was just a matter of interest that I asked you, really. You think three hundred and fifty? |
| J: | I would say about three hundred and fifty to four hundred. With the other, with the other [Yes] hundred pounds then it would be about, er, five hundred pounds; well, one can get quite a decent car for five hundred pounds [Quite] — second hand, of course. |
| B: | Quite. And what sort of period of time could you repay us? |
| J: | Well, erm, this rather depends on you. Um, I would like to ... I, er, what is the normal procedure for such a sum of money? |
| B: | Well, for such a sum of money we could expect repayment within twenty-four months. |
| J: | Two years. |
| B: | Two years. |
| J: | I see. |
| B: | We are lenders in the short term, remember, not long term. |
| J: | Yes. Er, is there ... Do you, do I pay interest on this? |
| B: | You will pay interest on — well, the type of loan I have in mind is a Personal Loan, as I assume you've got no form of collateral to offer. |
| J: | What is — what is collateral? |
| B: | Well, have you any shares in any companies or life policies, deeds of houses, or anything like that? |
| J: | I have some Government Securities, is ... would this be ... sufficient? |
| B: | You have some Government Securities, and what is their value? |
| J: | Er, it's about ... |
| B: | Have you got the certificates? |
| J: | ... eight hundred pounds or so. |
| B: | About eight hundred pounds? |
| J: | Yes, but I don't want to ... |
| B: | You don't want ... |
| J: | ... cash them. |
| B: | No. No, well you wouldn't ... that wouldn't involve you in cashing them. I could grant you an Ordinary Loan where the interest to you would be less than on a Personal Loan, if you were willing to charge that Share Certificate to us. |
| J: | Yes. I see, um, er, is it, is it possible to er ... what's ... that, that would be the only security which you would need, in fact? |
| B: | I shouldn't need any other security, other than that ... [I see] not on a loan, not on a loan of that size. Or if you would agree to do it on a Personal Loan basis which [cough] I would not require any security whatever, as on a Personal Loan we have death cover and you are in regular employment, er, in, er, good-salaried employment, with a with a good, with a good salary, therefore I would not ask you for erm, any security. [Yes. Yes.] But the interest rate would be higher than on an Ordinary Loan. [Yes] I should charge you seven percent on a Personal Loan and that's on the original amount taken, whereas on an Ordinary Loan it would be at one and a half percent over Bank Rate, minimum six percent, and that would be calculated on a, on a day-to-day basis, so it does in fact work out cheaper. |
| J: | I see. Yes. |
In the U.S. today, the cost of housing is very high. It is common to pay one fourth to one third of a family's income on the place to live. The price of a house depends on its size and location. Big houses are more expensive than smaller ones. And houses closer to the center of big cities are more expensive than ones in the suburbs or in small towns.
Regardless of the cost, it's usual for people to buy their houses over a period of time. When a family buys a house, it is necessary to borrow money from a bank to pay for it. Then they repay the bank in regular payments. This kind of bank loan is called a mortgage. Families can take 30 years to pay off the mortgage. Without a mortgage, it would be impossible for most people to own their houses.
Many Americans don't own their own homes. They pay landlords to live in their homes. The money they pay for this is called rent. Usually it is cheaper to rent than it is to buy and to pay a mortgage. Also when something needs to be repaired, it is easy for the renter to ask the landlord to fix it.
Some people rent houses, but most renters live in apartments. Apartment buildings are located in cities where it is too costly to build houses. Recently, it has become common for renters to buy their apartments. When this happens, the cost usually increases, but the money goes to pay off the mortgage. Apartments bought this way are called condominiums.
Unit 5 part2
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. What I'd like to do essentially is to answer two questions. Firstly, how is personal taxation structured in the UK? And secondly, how is it levied?
So, if you take a look at this transparency, you'll see that, contrary to popular opinion, UK personal taxation is both simple and relatively low. There are two rates: 25% on taxable income up to £23700, and 40% on income above this figure. You'll notice I say taxable income, as, like most countries, there are a series of deductions and allowances which can be taken into account before arriving at your net taxable income figure. The major one relates to the status of the individual: a single person's allowance at present stands at £3295, while a married person's allowance is currently £5015.
At this point I should mention that the government has recently introduced legislation which allows married couples to opt for separate taxation.
Other allowances or deductions which are common are, firstly, tax relief on private pensions. At the moment this allowable up to 17.5% of totle income, to the age of 35, rising to 40% at above 60 years old. Also the tax relief on mortgages or loans or buy a house—here there is currently 7% tax relief on the interest payable to the bank or Building Society.
Right, that covers the first part of my presentation, I'd now like to move on to how personal tax is levied.The Inland Revenue obliges employers to operate a PAYE(Pay As You Earn)scheme, which means the tax is deductible at source. In other words, by the employer before making out the monthly salary check or bank transfer to the employee. The tax is then collected direct from the employer. At the same time I should mention that the employer is obliged to deduct National Insurance from the employee's salary-the employee's contribution being roughly 9% of income, the employer's ranging from 5 to 10%. These are approximate figures as it is also income-related.
Right, ladies and gentleman, that covers the broad picture. I'm sure you'd like to ask me for some specific details.
Unit 5 part 3
| J — Mr. Jackson I — Insurance salesman | |
| J: | Good morning. Er, my name is Jackson. Er, I'm interested in taking out an insurance policy. I've been told that, that this is quite a good way to save money. Is it a good way to save money? [Yes…] Is this true? |
| I: | ...it's one of the, one of the ways of saving money. |
| J: | Erm... I haven't got very much money, erm, I don't earn very much. What... how much would I have to pay for this, if I, if I (take)... |
| I: | As little or as much as you like to pay. How much had you in mind, in fact? |
| J: | Well, erm… er, I don't really know anything about it. What's… how much does one pay? |
| I: | Well, you can work it in two ways. You either sort of aim at a fixed objective, say, a straight thousand pounds policy. In other words, you have your object in mind and you want to know how much it's going to cost you. Alternatively, you can work the reverse way, where you say "I would like to save two five pounds a month, over so many years. What would this produce for me? |
| J: | I see. And this thousand pounds, I get it... when I die... or else at a certain age, is that right? |
| I: | Well, this would depend entirely upon your needs. Now, are you in fact a single man or married? |
| J: | No, I'm unmarried. |
| I: | You are unmarried. Erm, have you any dependents at all? |
| J: | Well... |
| I: | F, for example, you have an … dependent mother, or dependent sisters or brothers? |
| J: | Not dependent, no. Mm. But I suppose as time goes on, they may become more dependent, er [Mm] |
| J: | It's difficult to say. |
| I: | There's always a possibility, I presume, that you may get married at some stage in the future. |
| J: | Quite. Yes. Yes. |
| I: | Uh-huh, erm... so I take it that your main interest in life insurance is, in fact, as you say, in saving money? Is this right? |
| J: | Yes, that's, that's the main thing. [Now…] One doesn't think about death so very much. |
| I: | What sort of object in saving would you have? I mean, why do you feel that you want to save money? |
| J: | Well, I think that at a certain age, erm, I haven't decided what age it would be, it would be nice to have a, a lump sum. I suppose for example, when I retire, it would be nice to have a lump sum for moving away or, erm, buying a house or doing something like that. [Yes] Erm... I suppose sixty, sixty-five, I, I don't really know. Or is it possible to have it earlier than that? |
| I: | Yes, indeed, you can take any sort of saving scheme, erm, over a period of years, ranging from ten upwards. A life insurance is absolutely no good for short-term savings. When I say short-term, I mean any period up to ten years. [Yes] If you're interested in saving, say for two or three years then, in fact, you want to use something like a Bank or a Buildig Society. Erm [Oh,I see]... Life Insurance works more as a system of saving over long term...ten plus years... [Yes]... erm...because it is regular and it is systematic |