1.构成
现在完成时是由助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词have(has)表明事情发生于现在。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词在句子中做谓语,说明句子的含义。
2.用法
(1)动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在有某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如:
-Have you had lunch yet? -Yes,I have. I've just had it.
你(已经)吃午饭了吗? 我刚刚吃过。(现在我不饿了)
(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。
如:He has taught here since 1981
他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教)
I have't seen her for four years.
我有四年没见到她了。
(3)表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”,常带有twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。
如: I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。
3.现在完成时的时间状语
(1)现在完成时属于现在时范围,故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是,在强调动作产生的后果和影响时,可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。
a. 用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。如:We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。
They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。
b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中,表示“曾经”或“从未“等。 如:-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗?
-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。
c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语,如just,before,up to now,the past few years等。
例如:I have seen her before,but I can not remember where. 我以前见过她,但记不起在哪里见过。
He has been there three times the last few days. 近几年他去过那里三次了。
d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语,如:now,today,this morning(month,year,term)等。例如:-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't. 今天你见过他吗?我 没有。 How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去过那里多少次?
(2)现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始,一直持续到现在。如:I haven't seen him for two years. 但是,像come,arrive,buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用,必须改为“be(在)”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换:
arrive→be here begin(start)→be on
die →be dead come back→be back
leave →be away fall ill(sick,asleep)→be ill(sick,asleep)
get up→be up go out →be out
finish →be over put on →wear 或be on
open →be open join →be in或 be a member of…
close →be closed go to school→be a student
borrow →keep buy →have
catch(a cold)→ have(a cold) get to know →know
begin to study→study come to work→work等
如:He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。
His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。
The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。
We have studied English for three years. 我们(开始)学英语已三年了。
4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等,而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生,不表示和现在的关系。试比较:
I have lost my new book. 我把新书丢了。(现在还未找到)
I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。(昨天丢的,现在找到与否没说明)
5.几点注意事项
(1)have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别:have been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各人称;have gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)”,常用于第三人称,前者可与once ,never,several times等连用,后者则不能。如:They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。 He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。
(2)如单纯表示一段时间,或强调一段时间,虽有since一词,也不必用完成时。
如:It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。
(3)终止性动词现在完成时的否定式,已变成一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
如:I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来,我一直没有离开过这儿。
一、单项选择
1. Li Hong has ________ the army for 2 years.
A. joined B. be in C. been in D. joined in
2. We have been friends since ______.
A. children B. five years C. five years ago D. five years before
3. Mike ___________ the story for a month.
A. has bought B. has had C. had had D. has borrowed
4. You ______ that question three times.
A. already asked B. have already asked
C. already have asked D. asked already
5. Those foreign friends left Guangzhou __________.
A. since last week B. a week ago C. for a week D. since a week ago
6. I _____ at this school for two years.
A. am studying B. study C. studied D. have studied
7. They _________ in the city since last summer.
A. live B. didn’t live C. have lived D. live
8. Mrs. Wang has lived in Haikou _________ 1992.
A. since B. from C. after D. in
9. Mr. Black _________ China since the summer of 1998.
A. has been to B. has been in C. has come to D. came to
10. His father _______ for years.
A. has died B. has been dead C. died D. dies
11. Mary ________ to see the films because she __________ it twice.
A. won’t go, saw B. won’t go, will see
C. won’t go, has seen D. didn’t go, sees
13. ______ you ______ England? Yes, it _____ a beautiful country.
A. Will, gone to, was B.Have, been to, is
C. Had, been to, is D.Have, gone to, is
14. ----_______ you _______ to Beijing?
----No, I ______.I ______ there early next month.
A. Have, been, haven’t, am going B. Had, been, hadn’t, am going
C. Have, gone, haven’t, was going D. Did,go, didn’t, was going
15. ---You sister ______ to London to study English. Is that true?
---Yes , she ___ there for two months.
A. has been, has been B. will go, has gone
C. gone, will be D. has gone, has been
42. His sister ______ her hometown for three years. She'll return next year.
A.left B.has left C.has been away D.has been away from
以适当形式填空
1. I_______ already _______ (see) the film. I _________ (see) it last week.
2. ----- _______ he ________(finish) his work today ? ------Not yet .
3. -----_____you _______(be) to Hong Kong ?
----Yes, I ________________ (be) there twice .
4. -----_______ you ever ________(eat ) chocolate sundaes ? ----No, never.
5. My father ____ just ________ (come) back from work. He is tired now.
6. Where’s Li Ming ? He ____________ (go) to the teacher’s office.
句型转换(每空一词)。
1. I have been to Macau before.(改为否定句)
I ______ ________ been to Macau before.
2. He hasn’t come to school because he’s ill (就划线部分提问)
________ ________ he come to school?
3. He has learned English for 5 years. (就划线部分提问)
________ ________ ________ _________ learned English ?
5. We began to learn English three years ago.(改为同义句)
We _______ _______ English ________ three years
6. He has lived here since 1999.(就划线部分提问)
_____ _____ _____ he_______ here?
7. They have already finished the work.(否定)
They ______ ______ the work ______.
8. My father got there two days ago.(同义句)
My father ______ ______ ______ for two days.
9. Mr. Li began to teach English in this school in 1999.(同义句)
Mr. Li _______ _________ English in this school since 1999.
10. The factory opened ten years ago.(同义句)
The factory _______ ________ ______ for ten years.
11.They have cleaned the room twice this week. (就划线部分提问)
_____ _____ ____ ______ they ______ the classroom this week?
12. My father went to England in 2003 and 2005. (同义句)
My father _____ ______ _____ England _____.
13. John left Beijing three years ago. (同义句)
John_______ ______ ______ Beijing_____ three years.
14. His company closed in 2003. (同义句)
His company _____ _____ _____ _____ 2003.
15. My father bought the car half a year ago. (同义句)
My father ______ ______ the car _______ half a year.
16. We got to know each other for about 15 years. (同义句)
We _______ ________ each other _____ about 15 years.
17. The film began ten minutes ago. (同义句)
The film _________ ________ _________ for ten minutes.
18. I borrowed this book two weeks ago. (同义句)
I _________ ________ this book for two weeks.
汉译英。
1、吉姆已做完作业,他现在有空了。
2、他昨天收到一封信。
3、我父亲以前到过长城。
4、她还没有看过那部新电影。
5、她去过上海。
6、他这些天上哪儿去了?
句型转换
1. I have been to Macau before.
一般疑问句: 肯定回答: 否定回答:
否定句:
2. He has learned English for 5 years.
一般疑问句: 肯定回答: 否定回答:
否定句:
3. His company closed in 2003.
一般疑问句: 肯定回答: 否定回答:
否定句:
4. She likes bananas.
一般疑问句: 肯定回答: 否定回答:
否定句: 下载本文