Wry and cranky, droll and cantankerous — that’s the Mark Twain we think we know, thanks to reading “Huck Finn” and “Tom Sawyer” in high school. But in his unexpurgated autobiography, whose first volume is about to be published a century after his death, a very different Twain emerges, more pointedly political and willing to play the role of the angry prophet.
Whether anguishing over American military interventions abroad or delivering jabs at Wall Street tycoons, this Twain is strikingly contemporary. Though the autobiography also contains its share of homespun tales, some of its observations about American life are so acerbic — at one point Twain refers to American soldiers as “uniformed assassins” — that his heirs and editors, as well as the writer himself, feared they would damage his reputation if not withheld.
“From the first, second, third and fourth editions all sound and sane expressions of opinion must be left out,” Twain instructed them in 1906. “There may be a market for that kind of wares a century from now. There is no hurry. Wait and see.”
Twain’s will be put to the test when the University of California Press publishes the first of three volumes of the 500,000-word “Autobiography of Mark Twain” in November. Twain dictated most of it to a stenographer in the four years before his death at 74 on April 21, 1910. He argued that speaking his recollections and opinions, rather than writing them down, allowed him to adopt a more natural, colloquial and frank tone, and Twain scholars who have seen the manuscript agree.
In popular culture today, Twain is “Colonel Sanders without the chicken, the avuncular man who told stories,” Ron Powers, the author of “Mark Twain: A Life,” said in a phone interview. “He’s been scrubbed and sanitized, and his passion has been kind of forgotten in all these long decades. But here he is talking to us, without any filtering at all, and what comes through that we have lost is precisely this fierce, unceasing passion.”
Next week the British literary magazine Granta will publish an excerpt from the autobiography, called “The Farm.” In it Twain recalls childhood visits to his uncle’s Missouri farm, reflects on slavery and the slave who served as the model for Jim in “Huckleberry Finn,” and offers an almost Proustian meditation on memory and remembrance, with watermelon and maple sap in place of Proust’s madeleine.
“I can see the farm yet, with perfect clearness,” he writes. “I can see all its belongings, all its details.” Of slavery, he notes that “color and condition interposed a subtle line” between him and his black playmates, but confesses: “In my schoolboy days, I had no aversion to slavery. I was not aware there was anything wrong about it.”
Versions of the autobiography have been published before, in 1924, 1940 and 1959. But the original editor, Albert Bigelow Paine, was a stickler for propriety, cutting entire sections he thought offensive; his successors imposed a chronological cradle-to-grave narrative that Twain had specifically rejected, altered his distinctive punctuation, struck additional material they considered uninteresting and generally bowed to the desire of Twain’s daughter Clara, who died in 1962, to protect her father’s image.
“Paine was a Victorian editor,” said Robert Hirst, curator and general editor of the Mark Twain Papers and Project at the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, where Twain’s papers are housed. “He has an exaggerated sense of how dangerous some of Twain’s statements are going to be, which can extend to anything: politics, sexuality, the Bible, anything that’s just a little too radical. This goes on for a good long time, a protective attitude that is very harmful.”
Twain’s opposition to incipient imperialism and American military intervention in Cuba and the Philippines, for example, were well known even in his own time. But the uncensored autobiography makes it clear that those feelings ran very deep and includes remarks that, if made today in the context of Iraq or Afghanistan, would probably lead the right wing to question the patriotism of this most American of American writers.
In a passage removed by Paine, Twain excoriates “the iniquitous Cuban-Spanish War” and Gen. Leonard Wood’s “mephitic record” as governor general in Havana. In writing about an attack on a tribal group in the Philippines, Twain refers to American troops as “our uniformed assassins” and describes their killing of “six hundred helpless and weaponless savages” as “a long and happy picnic with nothing to do but sit in comfort and fire the Golden Rule into those people down there and imagine letters to write home to the admiring families, and pile glory upon glory.”
He is similarly unsparing about the plutocrats and Wall Street luminaries of his day, who he argued had destroyed the innate generosity of Americans and replaced it with greed and selfishness. “The world believes that the elder Rockefeller is worth a billion dollars,” Twain observes. “He pays taxes on two million and a half.”
Justin Kaplan, author of “Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain: A Biography,” said in a telephone interview: “One thing that gets Mark Twain going is his rage and resentment. There are a number of passages where he wants to get even, to settle scores with people whom he really despises. He loved invective.”
The material in Volume 1 that was omitted from previous editions amounts to “maybe as little as 5 percent of the dictations,” said Harriet E. Smith, chief editor of the autobiography. “But there will be a much higher percentage in Volumes 2 and 3,” each expected to be about 600 pages.
By the time all three volumes are available, Mr. Hirst said, “about half will not have ever been in print before.” A digital online edition is also planned, Ms. Smith said, ideally to coincide with publication of Volume 1 of “the complete and authoritative edition,” as the work is being called.
Some of Twain’s most critical remarks about individuals are directed at names that have faded from history. He complains about his lawyer, his publisher, the inventor of a failed typesetting machine who he feels fleeced him, and is especially hard on a countess who owns the villa in which he lived with his family in Florence, Italy, in 1904. He describes her as “excitable, malicious, malignant, vengeful, unforgiving, selfish, stingy, avaricious, coarse, vulgar, profane, obscene, a furious blusterer on the outside and at heart a coward.”
About literary figures of his time, however, Twain has relatively little to say. He dislikes Bret Harte, whom he dismisses as “always bright but never brilliant”; offers a sad portrait of an aged and infirm Harriet Beecher Stowe; and lavishly praises his friend William Dean Howells. He reserved criticism of novelists whose work he disliked (Henry James, George Eliot) for his letters.
Critics, though, are another story. “I believe that the trade of critic, in literature, music, and the drama, is the most degraded of all trades, and that it has no real value,” Twain writes. “However, let it go,” he adds. “It is the will of God that we must have critics, and missionaries, and Congressmen, and humorists, and we must bear the burden.”
As aggrieved as he sometimes appears in the autobiography, the reliable funnyman is in evidence too. Twain recalls being invited to an official White House dinner and being warned by his wife, Olivia, who stayed at home, not to wear his winter galoshes. At the White House, he sought out the first lady, Frances Cleveland, and got her to sign a card on which was written “He didn’t.”
Mr. Hirst said: “I’ve read this manuscript a million times, and it still makes me laugh. This is a guy who made literature out of talk, and the autobiography is the culmination, the pinnacle of that impulse.”
尘封一个世纪 未删节版马克·吐温自传终见天日
尖刻、古怪、滑稽、暴躁——这就是我们所知道的马克·吐温,这都多亏了我们在高中时读的《哈克·费恩》和《汤姆·索亚历险记》。但在马克·吐温逝世一百周年的今天,在这本即日将推出第一卷本未删节版自传中,呈现的是一个非常不一样的吐温,他政治立场尖锐,并总乐意充当一个愤怒预言家的角色。
这一个吐温惊人地极具当代精神,不论表现在他对美国海外军事干涉的痛心与愤怒,还是他朝华尔街大亨们的口诛笔伐。虽然这本自传中也有一部分朴实无华的故事,但是吐温的一些对美国人生活的观察描述是如此尖刻—— 在某处他称美国士兵是“制服统一的刺客们”——以至于他的后代们和编辑们,甚至是这位作者自己 ,害怕如果不加保留地发表这些看法,会严重损害他的声誉。
“在第一、第二、第三直到第四版中,所有合乎理智,正确合理的观点表达必须剔除,”吐温在1906年主持了这些修订。“一个世纪以后,也许会有一个市场能够销售这种货物。没有必要着急。我们就拭目以待吧。”
吐温当年的决定即将接受检验,在十一月份加州大学出版社将会出版三卷本共计50万字的“马克·吐温自传”第一卷。在吐温去世的四年以前,他以向速记员口述的方式完成了全书的大部分,当时是1910年4月21日,吐温74岁。他声称说出他的回忆和观念,比写下来更好,因为这能使这本自传的笔调更自然,更口语化,更真诚。看过手稿的吐温学家们也赞同这一做法。
在今日的流行文化中,人们将吐温看作“不卖炸鸡的桑德斯上校,善于讲故事的慈祥大伯,”这是“马克·吐温这一生”的作者荣·鲍厄斯在电话采访中说的话。“他已经被揉搓擦洗净化了,这么多年来,他的激情好像已经被人们遗忘了。但是现在他正对我们说话,完全没有任何过滤筛选,充斥其间的恰恰是我们所遗忘的,他那汹涌狂躁,永无止息的激情。”
下周英国的文学杂志格兰塔将会刊载这本自传的一个章节,标题为“农场”。在此章节中,吐温回忆在他的童年时代去他密苏里农场的舅舅家,在那里奴隶制和奴隶引起了他深深的思考,这段经历之后成了“哈克贝瑞·芬”的故事模板,吐温对这段回忆有着普鲁斯特式的冥思,只不过以西瓜和枫树液代替了普鲁斯特的小玛德莱娜蛋糕。
“现在我脑中还是能浮现农场的景象,清晰异常,”他写道。“我能看到它所有的角落,一切的细节。”对于奴隶制度,他写道“肤色和境况的不同插入了一条微妙的分割线”于他和黑人小伙伴之间,但他同时承认:“在我还是个上学的男孩时,完全没有任何对奴隶制的厌恶。我并不觉得奴隶制有什么不对的地方。”
在1924,1940和1959年,吐温的自传以不同版本出版。但是最早负责此书的编辑阿尔伯特·贝吉楼·佩恩是个拘泥于礼仪伦理的顽固之人,他把所有他认为具有冒犯性的内容全部删去;他的继任者们强加给此书编年体的从摇篮到坟墓的编排方式,而这正是吐温特别抵触的,他们还将吐温独具特色的标点使用方式加以变更,删去他们认为无趣的额外内容,大体上这些版本屈从于吐温女儿克拉拉维护父亲形象的意愿,她死于1962年。
“佩恩是个维多利亚式的守旧派编辑,”罗伯特·赫斯特说,他是加州大学伯克利分校班克罗夫特图书馆馆长,同时也是“马克·吐温手稿项目”的主要编辑,吐温的手稿被封装收藏在班克罗夫特图书馆中。“他的感受太过夸张,认为吐温的一些言论将会非常危险,任何方面都是:政治,性,圣经,只要是有一点激进。这种情况已经持续很多年了,这种保护性的姿态百害而无一利。”
举个例子,吐温对早期帝国主义和美军在古巴和菲律宾的武装干涉的反对态度,即便是在当时也是人尽皆知的。但在未经删改的自传中,他更清晰表达了他的立场,深刻描述了他的感想,其中包含了他的一些评论,如果这些评论在今日发表,并且嵌入伊拉克和阿富汗的时代背景之中,右翼就很可能会质疑这位美国作家中最为美式的作家的爱国心。
在佩恩删去的一段话中,吐温严厉斥责“的古巴-西班牙战争”和伦纳德·伍德将军在哈瓦那当总督时“如毒气般恶臭的行为”。当写道美军在菲律宾对当地一个部落发起的攻击时,吐温把美军称为“我们制服统一的刺客们”,并把他们对“600个手无寸铁,绝望无助的野人”的杀戮描述为“一次悠长而欢快的野餐,唯一要做的事就是就是以黄金规则(译注:《圣经》里被称为金科玉律(the Golden Rule)的教条是马太福音7:12:“你们愿意人怎样待你们,你们也要怎样待人。)为指导开火击倒那儿的人们,然后想像着写信给家中为自己自豪,对自己赞赏不已的家人们,想像着获得铺天盖地的荣誉和赞颂。”
他对于那个年代的财阀和华尔街大亨们也是同样毫无仁慈之心,他称后者摧毁了美国人天生的慷慨大方,并代之以贪婪和自私。“这个世界相信老洛克菲勒抵得上十亿美元,”马克·吐温评论道。“他付两百五十万的税。”
贾斯丁·卡普兰是“克莱门斯先生和马克·吐温传”的作者,他在电话采访中说:“马克·吐温的长盛不衰,有一个原因是他的暴怒和厌憎。在许多文章中他都想跟那些他藐视的人算清总账。他就是喜欢恶言谩骂。”
第一卷中包含的在之前版本中删去的内容相当于“大概只有口述的百分之五那么多,”自传的总编辑哈里特·E·斯密说。“但是在第二卷和第三季中的份额会高得多,”这两卷分别预计有600页左右。
赫斯特先生说,等到全部三卷都上市后,“大约有一半内容是以前没有的。”网络电子版也在同期策划之中,据斯密女士介绍,电子版与这部他们称之为“完整权威版”自传的第一卷的出版完美相一致。
一些吐温指名道姓尖刻评论的人物已经随历史而消逝了。他抱怨他的律师,他的出版人,一个坏掉的排字机的发明者,吐温认为他诈取自己的钱财,他对一位女伯爵格外刻薄,吐温和家人1904年在意大利佛罗伦萨所居住的乡间别墅是她的财产。他将她描述为“表面上是个易怒、怀恨、恶毒、记仇、无情、吝啬、贪婪、粗俗、下流、渎神、淫猥、狂躁的咆哮者,其实却是个胆小鬼。”
然而,对于当时的名作家,吐温却相对评论得很少。他讨厌布莱特·哈特,认为他“聪明有余智慧不足”;他将斯托夫人的形象描述为年老且意志薄弱;他对他的朋友威廉·迪安·豪威尔斯送上不加节制的溢美之词。他对那些作品令他讨厌的小说家(亨利·詹姆斯,乔治·艾略特)的尖言利语都保留到了信件中。
批评家,却又是另一回事了。“我认为,在文学,音乐,戏剧领域中批评家这一行当,是所有营生中最低级堕落的,完全没有一点真正的价值,”吐温写道。“不过就随它去吧,”他补充。“是上帝的旨意让我们有了批评家、传教士、国会议员和幽默作家,这是我们必须承载的重负。”
虽然在自传中时常表现得愤愤不平,吐温的幽默家本质却表现得再明显不过。他回忆有一次被邀请参加一个白宫的非正式晚宴,呆在家中的妻子奥利维亚警告他不许穿他冬天穿的胶套鞋。在白宫,他找到第一夫人弗朗西斯·克里夫兰,让她在一张卡片上写上“他没穿。”
赫斯特先生说:“我看了这手稿上百万遍了,但还总是被逗得哈哈大笑。这个人的作品妙不可言,这本自传就是集大成者,是那种冲动和激情的巅峰。”下载本文