You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.

Questions 28-31

Reading Passage 3 has five sections A-E.

Choose the correct heading for sections A and C-E from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number i-viii in boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet.

28 Section A

29Section C

30Section D

31Section Eshould be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most

emerged awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite. In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were ‘limits to growth’. The new consciousness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of this general revelation of the obvious. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the ‘invisible hand’ of economic progress would provide.

Section C

However, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life. Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human beings. People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if

they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order. In the same way, basic health-care is a condition of the exercise of autonomy.

Section D

Although the language of ‘rights’ sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognized in most societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been considerable resistance in the United States to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care). It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse. The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is provided. Put another way, basic health-care is now recognized as a ‘public good’, r ather than a ‘private good’ that one is expected to buy for oneself. As the 1976 declaration of the World Health Organization put it: ‘The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.’ As has just been remarked, in a liberal society basic health is seen as one of the indispensable conditions for the exercise of personal autonomy.

Section E

Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources

1 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

2 Gross Domestic ProductQuestions 32-35

Classify the following as first occurring

A between 1945 and 1950

B between 1950 and 1980

C after 1980

Write the correct letter A, B or C in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.

32 the realization that the resources of the national health systems were limited

33 a sharp rise in the cost of health-care

34 a belief that all the health-care resources the community needed would be produced by economic growth

35 an acceptance of the role of the state in guaranteeing the provision of health-care

Questions 36-40

Do the following statements agree with views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement agree with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 36Personal liberty and independence have never been regarded as directly linked to health-care.

37 Health-care came to be seen as a right at about the same time that the limits of health-care resources became evident.

38 In OECD countries population change have had an impact on health-care costs in recent years.

39OECD governments have consistently underestimated the level of health-care provision needed.

40 In most economically developed countries the elderly will have to make special provision for their health-care in the future.下载本文